https://ranch007.github.io/categories/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B/ Recent content in 网络工程 on Ranch's Blog Hugo -- gohugo.io zh Ranch's Blog https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/ Tue, 12 Nov 2024 23:01:09 +0800 https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/ <img src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/gns3.png" alt="Featured image of post GNS3懒人版-2.2.45安装部署详细教程" /><hr> <h2 id="前言">前言 </h2> <blockquote> <p>【<a class="link" href="https://www.emulatedlab.com/thread-1561-1-1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >GNS3懒人版-2.2.45</a>】—— by 熄灭的蜡烛</p> <p>【<a class="link" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1fi4y1r7Tb/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >GNS3懒人版入门视频教程</a>】—— by 熄灭的蜡烛</p> <p>感谢大佬的辛勤创作和无私分享！🫶</p> </blockquote> <h2 id="镜像集成列表">镜像集成列表 </h2><table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: center">镜像</th> <th style="text-align: left"></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"><br /><br />Cisco</td> <td style="text-align: left">1: Cisco IOL Router 15.7(3)M2<br/>2: Cisco IOL Switch 15.2(CML_NIGHTLY_20180510)<br/>3: Cisco IOL Switch 15.2(CML_NIGHTLY_20190423)<br/>4: Cisco IOSv 15.9(3)M6<br/>5: Cisco IOSvL2 15.2(20200924:215240)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"><br />H3C</td> <td style="text-align: left">6: H3C vAC1000 7.1.064 R5466P01<br/>7: H3C vFW1000 7.1.064 E1190P02<br/>8: H3C vSR1000 7.1.064 R1362P12</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">HillStone</td> <td style="text-align: left">9: HillStone SG6000 CloudEdge 5.5R10P4 v6</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">FortiGate</td> <td style="text-align: left">10: FortiGate 7.0.13</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"><br /><br />HuaWei</td> <td style="text-align: left">11: HuaWei AR1kv V300R021C00SPC100T<br/>12: HuaWei CE6800 V200R005C10SPC607B607<br/>13: HuaWei CE12800 V200R005C10SPC607B607<br/>14: HuaWei NE40E V800R011C00SPC607B607<br/>15: HuaWei USG6000V2 V500R005C00SPC100</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"><br />Ruijie</td> <td style="text-align: left">16: Ruijie RG NSE router v1.06<br/>17: Ruijie RG NSE switch v1.06<br/>18: Ruijie RG NSE firewall v1.03</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">Juniper</td> <td style="text-align: left">19: Juniper vMX vCP 23.2R1-S1.6<br/>20: Juniper vMX vFP 23.2R1-S1.6-KVM</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"><br />Windows</td> <td style="text-align: left">21: Windows XP Pro SP3 x86<br/>22: Windows Server 2022 DC x64<br/>23: Windows 10 22H2 Pro for Workstation x64<br/>24: Windows 11 23H2 Pro for Workstation x64</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"><br />Ubuntu</td> <td style="text-align: left">25: Ubuntu Docker Guest<br />26: Ubuntu 22.04 Desktop amd64<br />27: Ubuntu Cloud 20.04 Server<br/>28: Ubuntu Cloud 22.04 Server</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"><br />RHEL</td> <td style="text-align: left">29: RHEL 7.9 update 12<br/>30: RHEL 8.8<br/>31: RHEL 9.3</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="关于镜像密码的查看">关于镜像密码的查看 </h3><p>在左侧设备列表里面双击你想要查看密码的那个，然后在打开的窗口里面点击最右边的选项卡里面查看。</p> <p><img alt="大部分设备没有密码，具体请看Usage中备注" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="401px" data-flex-grow="167" height="717" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113000705087.png" width="1200"></p> <h2 id="资源链接">资源链接 </h2> <blockquote> <p><strong>百度网盘</strong><br> 链接: <a class="link" href="https://pan.baidu.com/s/19aqOB7iBvXN9olJDZKwkjg?pwd=qpk3" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >https://pan.baidu.com/s/19aqOB7iBvXN9olJDZKwkjg?pwd=qpk3</a></p> <p><strong>123云盘</strong><br> 链接: <a class="link" href="https://www.123pan.com/s/QCF9-8yWTd.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >https://www.123pan.com/s/QCF9-8yWTd.html</a><br> 提取码：DrnB</p> <p><strong>OneDrive商业版</strong><br> 链接：https://xmdlz-my.sharepoint.com/:f:/p/xmdlz_vip/Es7y5_IPGR9PuhMXZoYKT-gBbDXt7Yo_voEEYFCBznCutw?e=Sw1YQ8<br> 密码：TjptvEgWRyZidYgjCZw0</p> </blockquote> <h3 id="文件信息">文件信息 </h3><p>文件名：GNS3.VM.VMware.Workstation.2.2.45.ova 大小：57572920832字节 MD5: 20c6aa8778ef84c08b5f9857469ac896 SHA1: a67e4a41acdec8802307dfa0490c5a1adf447db2 SHA256: 70bb6c738570ca6db011c003938cd8cde6ccf8ad11a48493c587234218307c2e</p> <h2 id="使用vmware导入gns3-vm">使用VMware导入GNS3 VM </h2><h3 id="下载gns3懒人版">下载GNS3懒人版 </h3><p>这里我使用的是作者提供的百度网盘中的链接</p> <p><img alt="GNS3中的文件" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="527px" data-flex-grow="219" height="417" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113001638655.png" width="916"></p> <h3 id="导入gns3-vm">导入<code>GNS3 VM</code> </h3><p>前提是得装好<code>VMwate Workstation Pro</code>，直接双击打开<code>GNS3.VM.VMware.Workstation.2.2.45.ova</code></p> <p><img alt="image-20241113003139231" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1182px" data-flex-grow="492" height="168" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113003139231.png" width="828"></p> <p><img alt="填写英文名称，会自动生成默认路径，亦可更改路径" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="684px" data-flex-grow="285" height="388" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113003316264.png" width="1106"></p> <p><img alt="点击确认后开始导入GNS3 VM" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="820px" data-flex-grow="341" height="218" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113003444382.png" width="745"></p> <p><img alt="GNS VM导入完成" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="452px" data-flex-grow="188" height="648" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113004639962.png" width="1221"></p> <h3 id="打开gns3-vm">打开GNS3 VM </h3><p>如果虚拟机正常开启并获取到IP，请保持打开状态继续下一步操作。</p> <p><img alt="点击Power On打开GNS3 VM" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="409px" data-flex-grow="170" height="600" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113004826066.png" width="1024"></p> <p>⚠️这里可能存在导入成功后，打开GNS3 VM获取不到IP地址。可能是<code>VMware DHCP Service</code>服务没有打开</p> <p><img alt="image-20241113004257856" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="409px" data-flex-grow="170" height="704" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113004257856.png" width="1200"></p> <h2 id="安装gns3-2245-all-in-oneexe">安装<code>GNS3-2.2.45-all-in-one.exe</code> </h2><h3 id="准备工作">准备工作 </h3><p><img alt="按照提示安装即可" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="828px" data-flex-grow="345" height="211" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113005635705.png" width="728"></p> <h3 id="双击安装">双击安装 </h3><p>无特殊需求，即可按照默认配置依序安装。</p> <p><img alt="双击安装GNS3-2.2.45-all-in-one.exe" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="364px" data-flex-grow="151" height="549" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113005315222.png" width="833"></p> <p>安装完成后打开GNS3</p> <p>虚拟机GNS3 VM与GNS3版本必须保持一致，此教程使用<code>GNS3-2.2.45</code></p> <p>根据<code>Setup Wizard</code>提示，选择第三个，点击下一步</p> <p><img alt="作者演示视频截图" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="496px" data-flex-grow="206" height="447" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113010801976.png" width="924"></p> <p>将虚拟机中获取的IP地址和端口号，依次输入。并取消<code>Enable authentication</code>的勾选。</p> <p><img alt="输入虚拟机中生成的IP和端口" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="321px" data-flex-grow="133" height="392" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113010510802.png" width="525"></p> <p>稍等一会就会出现这个，点击下面的Finish就完成了</p> <p><img alt="image-20241113011652728" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="512px" data-flex-grow="213" height="621" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113011652728.png" width="1327"></p> <p><img alt="点开右侧栏倒数第二个按钮就可以看见集成的所有镜像" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="419px" data-flex-grow="174" height="682" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/gns3%E6%87%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%88-2.2.45%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/assets/image-20241113011825413.png" width="1191"></p> <p>再次感谢“熄灭的蜡烛”大大的制作与分享，让我们用上集成般的GNS3！👏</p> <h2 id="附录">附录 </h2><h3 id="参考文献">参考文献 </h3><p>《<a class="link" href="https://www.emulatedlab.com/thread-1561-1-1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >GNS3懒人版-2.2.45</a>》</p> <p>《<a class="link" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1fi4y1r7Tb/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >GNS3懒人版入门视频教程</a>》</p> <h3 id="版权信息">版权信息 </h3><p>本文原载于 <a class="link" href="https://ranch007.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >Ranch&rsquo;s Blog</a>，遵循 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 协议，复制请保留原文出处。</p> https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/ Mon, 11 Nov 2024 22:05:23 +0800 https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/ <img src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/icipie.png" alt="Featured image of post 【HCIA 路由与交换 Wakin 谢Sir】TCP/IP网络模型" /><hr> <h2 id="tcpip网络模型">TCP/IP网络模型 </h2> <blockquote> <p>TCP/IP模型是互联网的基础，它是一系列网络协议的总称。这些协议可以划分为四层，分别为链路层、网络层、传输层和应用层。</p> <ul> <li>链路层：负责封装和解封装IP报文，发送和接受ARP/RARP报文等。</li> <li>网络层：负责路由以及把分组报文发送给目标网络或主机。</li> <li>传输层：负责对报文进行分组和重组，并以TCP或UDP协议格式封装报文。</li> <li>应用层：负责向用户提供应用程序，比如HTTP、FTP、Telnet、DNS、SMTP等。</li> </ul> <p>在网络体系结构中网络通信的建立必须是在通信双方的对等层进行，不能交错。 在整个数据传输过程中，数据在发送端时经过各层时都要附加上相应层的协议头和协议尾（仅数据链路层需要封装协议尾）部分，也就是要对数据进行协议封装，以标识对应层所用的通信协议。</p> </blockquote> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: center"><font color="#ffff00">TCP/IP模型</font></th> <th style="text-align: center"></th> <th style="text-align: center"><font color="#ffff00">OSI模型</font></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">应</td> <td style="text-align: center">为应用程序提供网络服务</td> <td style="text-align: center">应用层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">用</td> <td style="text-align: center">数据格式化，加密、解密</td> <td style="text-align: center">表示层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">层</td> <td style="text-align: center">建立、维护、管理会话连接</td> <td style="text-align: center">会话层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">传输层</td> <td style="text-align: center">建立、维护、管理端到端连接</td> <td style="text-align: center">传输层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">网络层</td> <td style="text-align: center">IP寻址和路由选择</td> <td style="text-align: center">网络层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">数据链路层</td> <td style="text-align: center">控制网络层与物理层之间的通信</td> <td style="text-align: center">数据链路层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">物理层</td> <td style="text-align: center">比特流传输</td> <td style="text-align: center">物理层</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h2 id="应用层-data-数据">应用层 （Data 数据） </h2> <blockquote> <p>应用层：Application Layer 为应用软件提供接口，使应用程序能够使用网络服务。</p> <p>应用层协议指定相应的传输层协议，以及传输层所使用的端口等</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="应用层协议指定相应的传输层协议，以及传输层所使用的端口等" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="584px" data-flex-grow="243" height="493" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240823222745085.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="应用层" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="543px" data-flex-grow="226" height="530" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825092901628.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="dns">DNS </h3> <blockquote> <p>Domain Name System，域名解析系统 Port：53（TCP &amp; UDP）</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="DNS，域名解析系统" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="658px" data-flex-grow="274" height="365" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825093242520.png" width="1001"></p> <p><img alt="域名的结构" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="493px" data-flex-grow="205" height="583" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825093316148.png" width="1200"></p> <div class="highlight"><div class="chroma"> <table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd"> <pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt">1 </span><span class="lnt">2 </span><span class="lnt">3 </span></code></pre></td> <td class="lntd"> <pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-powershell" data-lang="powershell"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">nslookup</span> <span class="c">#DNS调试工具</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">ipconfig</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">displaydns</span> <span class="c">#查看DNS缓存</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">ipconfig</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">flushdns</span> <span class="c">#清空DNS缓存</span> </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table> </div> </div><p><img alt="DNS查询过程" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="515px" data-flex-grow="214" height="559" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825093946418.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="DNS查询过程" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="476px" data-flex-grow="198" height="605" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825094250753.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="http--https">HTTP &amp; HTTPS </h3> <blockquote> <p>Hypertext Transfer Protocol(Secure)，超文本传输（安全）协议 HTTP Port：80（TCP） HTTPS Port：443（TCP,SSL）</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="HTTP & HTTPS，超文本传输（安全）协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="864px" data-flex-grow="360" height="333" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825094358706.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="telnet--ssh">Telnet &amp; SSH </h3> <blockquote> <p>远程管理服务 Telnet Port：23（TCP） SSH Port：22（TCP）</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="远程管理服务" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="786px" data-flex-grow="327" height="366" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825094740754.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="ftp--tftp">FTP &amp; TFTP </h3> <blockquote> <p>File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议；<br> FTP Port：20（FTP-Data，TCP）21（FTP-Control，TCP）</p> <p>Trivial File Transfer Protoco，简单传输协议<br> TFTP Port：69（UDP）</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="623px" data-flex-grow="259" height="462" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825095845042.png" width="1200"></p> <h2 id="传输层-segment-段">传输层 （Segment 段） </h2> <blockquote> <p>建立“<strong>端到端</strong>”（<strong>Port to Port</strong>）的连接。</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="传输层：建立“端到端”（Port to Port）的连接 " class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="445px" data-flex-grow="185" height="578" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111225124233.png" width="1072"></p> <h3 id="port">Port </h3> <blockquote> <p>端口号，区分不同的网络服务（应用层协议）</p> <p>【<a class="link" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >服务名称和传输协议端口号注册表</a>】</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="端口号，区分不同的网络服务（应用层协议）" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="469px" data-flex-grow="195" height="578" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111222504052.png" width="1130"></p> <h3 id="tcp--udp">TCP &amp; UDP </h3><p><img alt="传输层协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="685px" data-flex-grow="285" height="420" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825101704921.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="TCP和UDP的对比" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="709px" data-flex-grow="295" height="406" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111225207249.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="TCP和UDP数据包结构对比" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="500px" data-flex-grow="208" height="568" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111225334694.png" width="1184"></p> <h4 id="tcp">TCP </h4><p><img alt="TCP会话的建立-三次握手：任何基于TCP的应用，发送数据前都需要先建立连接。" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="461px" data-flex-grow="192" height="569" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111225751135.png" width="1093"></p> <p><img alt="TCP的确认和重传：保证数据传输的可靠性" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="437px" data-flex-grow="182" height="659" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825103358926.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="TCP的窗口滑动机制：控制数据的传输速率" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="400px" data-flex-grow="166" height="720" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825103452945.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="TCP会话的关闭-四次挥手：断开连接，释放资源" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="440px" data-flex-grow="183" height="654" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825103554359.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="udp">UDP </h4><p><img alt="不可靠的、无连接的服务" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="469px" data-flex-grow="195" height="614" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825103714402.png" width="1200"></p> <h2 id="网络层-packet-包">网络层 （Packet 包） </h2> <blockquote> <p>建立“<strong>点到点</strong>”（<strong>End to End</strong>）的连接</p> <p>提供了无连接数据传输服务，即在发送数据报文时不需要先建立连接，每一个IP数据报文独立发送。</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="网络层：建立“点到点”（End to End）的连接" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="553px" data-flex-grow="230" height="477" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111230622250.png" width="1101"></p> <h3 id="ip">IP </h3><p><img alt="IP：Internet Protocol，因特网协议，TCP/IP协议簇中最核心的协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="808px" data-flex-grow="337" height="356" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111230943731.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="ipv4报文结构">IPv4报文结构 </h4><p><img alt="IPv4报文结构" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="424px" data-flex-grow="176" height="679" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825110905153.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="ttl">TTL </h4><p><img alt="TTL：Time to Live,生存时间（类似生命值）" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="574px" data-flex-grow="239" height="501" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111231239289.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="路由跟踪：利用TTL特性，可以显示路径上的每一跳，一种非常重要的排错方法" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="391px" data-flex-grow="163" height="562" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111231313349.png" width="917"></p> <h4 id="protocol">Protocol </h4><p><img alt="协议号：用于标识上层协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="420px" data-flex-grow="175" height="570" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111231508778.png" width="998"></p> <p><img alt="一些常用的协议号" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="610px" data-flex-grow="254" height="472" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825112526562.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="ip地址及子网划分">IP地址及子网划分 </h3><p><img alt="IP地址：IP Address，用来标识网络中的一个节点或接口，用于寻址" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="612px" data-flex-grow="255" height="470" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111231829126.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="ip地址结构">IP地址结构 </h4><p><img alt="IP地址结构：由32位二进制（32bits）组成，采用“点分十进制”表示，分4组" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="519px" data-flex-grow="216" height="554" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111231951550.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="IP地址关键术语" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="761px" data-flex-grow="317" height="378" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825112924638.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="IP地址具体表示" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="644px" data-flex-grow="268" height="447" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825113048636.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="ip地址分类">IP地址分类 </h4><p><img alt="IP地址分类：根据第一组8位二进制的不同规则定义" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="491px" data-flex-grow="204" height="581" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111232254889.png" width="1189"></p> <p><img alt="默认子网掩码" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="560px" data-flex-grow="233" height="514" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111232447829.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="特殊IP地址及作用" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="740px" data-flex-grow="308" height="389" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825155238877.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="A、B、C类私网地址范围" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1066px" data-flex-grow="444" height="270" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825155519414.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="网络地址主机地址广播地址">网络地址、主机地址、广播地址 </h4><p><img alt="网络地址和广播地址" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="2360px" data-flex-grow="983" height="122" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825155715143.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="网络地址、主机地址、广播地址" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="398px" data-flex-grow="166" height="722" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825160146960.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="子网划分">子网划分 </h4><p><img alt="子网划分" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="388px" data-flex-grow="161" height="742" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825160258884.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="子网个数和子网中的可用主机个数" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="564px" data-flex-grow="235" height="510" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825160334613.png" width="1200"></p> <blockquote> <p>快=块（Block）=2^主机位数 =256-掩码</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="快=块（block）" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="456px" data-flex-grow="190" height="631" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825160923937.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="ip地址规划">IP地址规划 </h4><p><img alt="IP地址规划参考原则" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="635px" data-flex-grow="264" height="339" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825161705555.png" width="897"></p> <h3 id="icmp">ICMP </h3><p><img alt="ICMP：Internet Control Message Protocol，因特网控制消息协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="576px" data-flex-grow="240" height="500" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111233327609.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="icmp报文结构">ICMP报文结构 </h4><p><img alt="ICMP报文结构" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1120px" data-flex-grow="466" height="257" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825161849633.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="字段类型含义" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="357px" data-flex-grow="148" height="801" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825161909701.png" width="1193"></p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: center">情况</th> <th style="text-align: center">说明</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">超时</td> <td style="text-align: center">对方主机不在线、屏蔽、网络拥塞等</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">传输失败</td> <td style="text-align: center">地址无效、主机本身没有路由</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">无法访问</td> <td style="text-align: center">无法访问目标网、中转设备没有路由、没有获取MAC地址</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="数据链路层-frame-帧">数据链路层 （Frame 帧） </h2><p><img alt="数据链路层" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="550px" data-flex-grow="229" height="523" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111233648839.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="以太网">以太网 </h3> <blockquote> <p>Ethernet：当今主导地位的“局域网组网技术”</p> </blockquote> <h4 id="以太网帧结构">以太网帧结构 </h4><p><img alt="以太网帧结构" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="397px" data-flex-grow="165" height="583" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111233749182.png" width="966"></p> <p><img alt="五种字段" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="716px" data-flex-grow="298" height="402" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/20240825163647.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="mac地址">MAC地址 </h3><p><img alt="MAC地址结构，全球唯一" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1066px" data-flex-grow="444" height="270" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825163947682.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="MAC地址与IP地址的关系" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="426px" data-flex-grow="177" height="582" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111234136563.png" width="1034"></p> <h3 id="arp协议">ARP协议 </h3><p><img alt="ARP：Address Resolution Protocol，地址解析协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="811px" data-flex-grow="338" height="355" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111234318338.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="ARP工作流程" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="499px" data-flex-grow="207" height="577" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825164432653.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="免费ARP：用来检测IP地址是否冲突" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="437px" data-flex-grow="182" height="658" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825164628957.png" width="1200">‘</p> <p><img alt="代理ARP：可以帮助同一网段，不同物理网络上的计算机之间实现通信" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="511px" data-flex-grow="213" height="563" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825164917444.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="ARP欺骗：攻击者发送“无故ARP响应”来伪装其它设备，导致通讯失败" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="390px" data-flex-grow="162" height="665" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20241111141851616.png" width="1082"></p> <p><img alt="使用科来更改ARP数据包" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="716px" data-flex-grow="298" height="298" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111235025076.png" width="890"></p> <h2 id="附录">附录 </h2><h3 id="参考文献">参考文献 </h3><p>《<a class="link" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1qP4y1w75v/?spm_id_from=333.999.0.0&amp;vd_source=00d49c6b1d7b58728495868451fb3d19" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >Wakin 谢Sir 最新数通精品课程_哔哩哔哩_bilibili</a>》</p> <p>《<a class="link" href="https://tonydeng.github.io/sdn-handbook/basic/tcpip.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >TCP/IP网络模型 · GitBook (tonydeng.github.io)</a>》</p> <h3 id="版权信息">版权信息 </h3><p>本文原载于 <a class="link" href="https://ranch007.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >Ranch&rsquo;s Blog</a>，遵循 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 协议，复制请保留原文出处。</p> https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/ Mon, 11 Nov 2024 21:06:03 +0800 https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/ <img src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/icipie.png" alt="Featured image of post 【HCIA 路由与交换 Wakin 谢Sir】数通网络基础" /><hr> <h2 id="数通基础">数通基础 </h2><h3 id="什么是网络">什么是网络？ </h3> <blockquote> <p>网络的本质就是<strong>实现资源共享</strong> 将各个系统连接到一起，形成信息传递、接收、共享的信息交互平台</p> </blockquote> <h3 id="万物互联">万物互联 </h3> <blockquote> <p>人与人、人与物、物与物的互联 本质是数据的联结与计算</p> </blockquote> <h3 id="数通是连结万物的管道">数通是连结万物的“管道” </h3><p><img alt="file-20240823213457760" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1100px" data-flex-grow="458" height="190" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823213457760.png" width="871"><img alt="file-20240823213857734" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="852px" data-flex-grow="355" height="338" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823213857734.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="数通网络介绍">数通网络介绍 </h3><p><strong>Data Communication Network</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>一个典型的数通网络通常由<font color="#4f81bd">路由器</font>、<font color="#f79646">交换机</font>、<font color="#c0504d">防火墙</font>、<font color="#8064a2">无线控制器</font>、<font color="#4bacc6">无线接入点</font>、个人电脑、网络打印机、服务器等设备构成的通信网络，最基本的功能就是<strong>实现数据互通</strong>。 而<strong>网络拓扑图</strong>就是呈现一个数通网路的结构化布局。</p> </blockquote> <h3 id="信息的传递">信息的传递 </h3><p><img alt="file-20240823220627605" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1315px" data-flex-grow="547" height="219" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823220627605.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="file-20240823220753114" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="430px" data-flex-grow="179" height="669" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823220753114.png" width="1200"></p> <ul> <li> <h5 id="带宽bandwidth">带宽：bandwidth </h5></li> </ul> <p>描述在单位时间内传输的数量 单位：bps（bit per second，比特每秒）</p> <ul> <li> <h5 id="延迟delay">延迟：delay </h5></li> </ul> <p>描述数据传输所经历的时间 单位：ms（毫秒）</p> <h2 id="网络基础">网络基础 </h2><h3 id="网络模型">网络模型 </h3><p><img alt="file-20240823221112061" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="534px" data-flex-grow="222" height="418" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823221112061.png" width="931"></p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: center"><font color="#ffff00">OSI模型</font></th> <th style="text-align: center">作用</th> <th style="text-align: center"><font color="#ffff00">TCP/IP模型</font></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">应用层</td> <td style="text-align: center">为应用程序提供网络服务</td> <td style="text-align: center">应</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">表示层</td> <td style="text-align: center">数据格式化，加密、解密</td> <td style="text-align: center">用</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">会话层</td> <td style="text-align: center">建立、维护、管理会话连接</td> <td style="text-align: center">层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">传输层</td> <td style="text-align: center">建立、维护、管理端到端连接</td> <td style="text-align: center">传输层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">网络层</td> <td style="text-align: center">IP寻址和路由选择</td> <td style="text-align: center">网络层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">数据链路层</td> <td style="text-align: center">控制网络层与物理层之间的通信</td> <td style="text-align: center">数据链路层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">物理层</td> <td style="text-align: center">比特流传输</td> <td style="text-align: center">物理层</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="网络基础架构">网络基础架构 </h3><p><img alt="file-20240825100304756" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="515px" data-flex-grow="214" height="559" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240825100304756.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="封装和解封装">封装和解封装 </h3><p><strong>encapsulation &amp; de-encapsulation</strong></p> <ul> <li>数据发送时，逐层向下，添加相关头部或尾部的过程，称为封装（打包）</li> </ul> <p><img alt="file-20240823221545828" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="441px" data-flex-grow="183" height="653" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823221545828.png" width="1200"></p> <ul> <li>数据接收时，逐层向上，拆除相关头部或尾部的过程，称为解封装（拆包）</li> </ul> <p><img alt="file-20240823221705699" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="463px" data-flex-grow="193" height="621" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823221705699.png" width="1200"></p> <ul> <li>OSI把每一层数据称为PDU（Protocol Data Unit，协议数据单元）</li> <li>TCP/IP根据不同层分别使用：<font color="#92d050">数据（Data）</font>、<font color="#92d050">段（Segment）</font>、<font color="#92d050">包（Packet）</font>、<font color="#92d050">帧（Frame）</font>、<font color="#92d050">位（bit）</font></li> </ul> <p><img alt="file-20240823221822129" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="457px" data-flex-grow="190" height="629" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823221822129.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="protocol协议">Protocol：协议 </h3><p><img alt="file-20240823222054502" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1053px" data-flex-grow="439" height="210" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823222054502.png" width="922"></p> <blockquote> <p>在通信领域中，协议就是用来决定数据的格式和传输的一些规则</p> <p>网络通信中的“语言”</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="file-20240823222141724" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="530px" data-flex-grow="220" height="543" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823222141724.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="file-20240825112304112" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="477px" data-flex-grow="198" height="531" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240825112304112.png" width="1056"></p> <blockquote> <p>【<a class="link" href="https://support.huawei.com/hedex/hdx.do?docid=EDOC1000105967&amp;id=ZH-CN_CONCEPT_0000001501534705" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >华为官网公布的协议地图</a>】</p> </blockquote> <h2 id="附录">附录 </h2><h3 id="参考文献">参考文献 </h3><p>《<a class="link" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1qP4y1w75v/?spm_id_from=333.999.0.0&amp;vd_source=00d49c6b1d7b58728495868451fb3d19" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >Wakin 谢Sir 最新数通精品课程_哔哩哔哩_bilibili</a>》</p> <h3 id="版权信息">版权信息 </h3><p>本文原载于 <a class="link" href="https://ranch007.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >Ranch&rsquo;s Blog</a>，遵循 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 协议，复制请保留原文出处。</p>