https://ranch007.github.io/tags/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/ Recent content in 网络基础 on Ranch's Blog Hugo -- gohugo.io zh Ranch's Blog Thu, 01 Oct 2026 17:30:20 +0800 https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/ Mon, 11 Nov 2024 21:06:03 +0800 https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/ <img src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/icipie.png" alt="Featured image of post 【HCIA 路由与交换 Wakin 谢Sir】数通网络基础" /><hr> <h2 id="数通基础">数通基础 </h2><h3 id="什么是网络">什么是网络？ </h3> <blockquote> <p>网络的本质就是<strong>实现资源共享</strong> 将各个系统连接到一起，形成信息传递、接收、共享的信息交互平台</p> </blockquote> <h3 id="万物互联">万物互联 </h3> <blockquote> <p>人与人、人与物、物与物的互联 本质是数据的联结与计算</p> </blockquote> <h3 id="数通是连结万物的管道">数通是连结万物的“管道” </h3><p><img alt="file-20240823213457760" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1100px" data-flex-grow="458" height="190" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823213457760.png" width="871"><img alt="file-20240823213857734" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="852px" data-flex-grow="355" height="338" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823213857734.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="数通网络介绍">数通网络介绍 </h3><p><strong>Data Communication Network</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>一个典型的数通网络通常由<font color="#4f81bd">路由器</font>、<font color="#f79646">交换机</font>、<font color="#c0504d">防火墙</font>、<font color="#8064a2">无线控制器</font>、<font color="#4bacc6">无线接入点</font>、个人电脑、网络打印机、服务器等设备构成的通信网络，最基本的功能就是<strong>实现数据互通</strong>。 而<strong>网络拓扑图</strong>就是呈现一个数通网路的结构化布局。</p> </blockquote> <h3 id="信息的传递">信息的传递 </h3><p><img alt="file-20240823220627605" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1315px" data-flex-grow="547" height="219" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823220627605.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="file-20240823220753114" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="430px" data-flex-grow="179" height="669" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823220753114.png" width="1200"></p> <ul> <li> <h5 id="带宽bandwidth">带宽：bandwidth </h5></li> </ul> <p>描述在单位时间内传输的数量 单位：bps（bit per second，比特每秒）</p> <ul> <li> <h5 id="延迟delay">延迟：delay </h5></li> </ul> <p>描述数据传输所经历的时间 单位：ms（毫秒）</p> <h2 id="网络基础">网络基础 </h2><h3 id="网络模型">网络模型 </h3><p><img alt="file-20240823221112061" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="534px" data-flex-grow="222" height="418" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823221112061.png" width="931"></p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: center"><font color="#ffff00">OSI模型</font></th> <th style="text-align: center">作用</th> <th style="text-align: center"><font color="#ffff00">TCP/IP模型</font></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">应用层</td> <td style="text-align: center">为应用程序提供网络服务</td> <td style="text-align: center">应</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">表示层</td> <td style="text-align: center">数据格式化，加密、解密</td> <td style="text-align: center">用</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">会话层</td> <td style="text-align: center">建立、维护、管理会话连接</td> <td style="text-align: center">层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">传输层</td> <td style="text-align: center">建立、维护、管理端到端连接</td> <td style="text-align: center">传输层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">网络层</td> <td style="text-align: center">IP寻址和路由选择</td> <td style="text-align: center">网络层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">数据链路层</td> <td style="text-align: center">控制网络层与物理层之间的通信</td> <td style="text-align: center">数据链路层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">物理层</td> <td style="text-align: center">比特流传输</td> <td style="text-align: center">物理层</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="网络基础架构">网络基础架构 </h3><p><img alt="file-20240825100304756" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="515px" data-flex-grow="214" height="559" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240825100304756.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="封装和解封装">封装和解封装 </h3><p><strong>encapsulation &amp; de-encapsulation</strong></p> <ul> <li>数据发送时，逐层向下，添加相关头部或尾部的过程，称为封装（打包）</li> </ul> <p><img alt="file-20240823221545828" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="441px" data-flex-grow="183" height="653" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823221545828.png" width="1200"></p> <ul> <li>数据接收时，逐层向上，拆除相关头部或尾部的过程，称为解封装（拆包）</li> </ul> <p><img alt="file-20240823221705699" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="463px" data-flex-grow="193" height="621" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823221705699.png" width="1200"></p> <ul> <li>OSI把每一层数据称为PDU（Protocol Data Unit，协议数据单元）</li> <li>TCP/IP根据不同层分别使用：<font color="#92d050">数据（Data）</font>、<font color="#92d050">段（Segment）</font>、<font color="#92d050">包（Packet）</font>、<font color="#92d050">帧（Frame）</font>、<font color="#92d050">位（bit）</font></li> </ul> <p><img alt="file-20240823221822129" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="457px" data-flex-grow="190" height="629" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823221822129.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="protocol协议">Protocol：协议 </h3><p><img alt="file-20240823222054502" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1053px" data-flex-grow="439" height="210" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823222054502.png" width="922"></p> <blockquote> <p>在通信领域中，协议就是用来决定数据的格式和传输的一些规则</p> <p>网络通信中的“语言”</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="file-20240823222141724" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="530px" data-flex-grow="220" height="543" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240823222141724.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="file-20240825112304112" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="477px" data-flex-grow="198" height="531" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sir%E6%95%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/assets/file-20240825112304112.png" width="1056"></p> <blockquote> <p>【<a class="link" href="https://support.huawei.com/hedex/hdx.do?docid=EDOC1000105967&amp;id=ZH-CN_CONCEPT_0000001501534705" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >华为官网公布的协议地图</a>】</p> </blockquote> <h2 id="附录">附录 </h2><h3 id="参考文献">参考文献 </h3><p>《<a class="link" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1qP4y1w75v/?spm_id_from=333.999.0.0&amp;vd_source=00d49c6b1d7b58728495868451fb3d19" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >Wakin 谢Sir 最新数通精品课程_哔哩哔哩_bilibili</a>》</p> <h3 id="版权信息">版权信息 </h3><p>本文原载于 <a class="link" href="https://ranch007.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >Ranch&rsquo;s Blog</a>，遵循 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 协议，复制请保留原文出处。</p>