https://ranch007.github.io/tags/tcp/ip/ Recent content in TCP/IP on Ranch's Blog Hugo -- gohugo.io zh Ranch's Blog Thu, 01 Oct 2026 17:30:20 +0800 https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/ Mon, 11 Nov 2024 22:05:23 +0800 https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/ <img src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/icipie.png" alt="Featured image of post 【HCIA 路由与交换 Wakin 谢Sir】TCP/IP网络模型" /><hr> <h2 id="tcpip网络模型">TCP/IP网络模型 </h2> <blockquote> <p>TCP/IP模型是互联网的基础，它是一系列网络协议的总称。这些协议可以划分为四层，分别为链路层、网络层、传输层和应用层。</p> <ul> <li>链路层：负责封装和解封装IP报文，发送和接受ARP/RARP报文等。</li> <li>网络层：负责路由以及把分组报文发送给目标网络或主机。</li> <li>传输层：负责对报文进行分组和重组，并以TCP或UDP协议格式封装报文。</li> <li>应用层：负责向用户提供应用程序，比如HTTP、FTP、Telnet、DNS、SMTP等。</li> </ul> <p>在网络体系结构中网络通信的建立必须是在通信双方的对等层进行，不能交错。 在整个数据传输过程中，数据在发送端时经过各层时都要附加上相应层的协议头和协议尾（仅数据链路层需要封装协议尾）部分，也就是要对数据进行协议封装，以标识对应层所用的通信协议。</p> </blockquote> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: center"><font color="#ffff00">TCP/IP模型</font></th> <th style="text-align: center"></th> <th style="text-align: center"><font color="#ffff00">OSI模型</font></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">应</td> <td style="text-align: center">为应用程序提供网络服务</td> <td style="text-align: center">应用层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">用</td> <td style="text-align: center">数据格式化，加密、解密</td> <td style="text-align: center">表示层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">层</td> <td style="text-align: center">建立、维护、管理会话连接</td> <td style="text-align: center">会话层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">传输层</td> <td style="text-align: center">建立、维护、管理端到端连接</td> <td style="text-align: center">传输层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">网络层</td> <td style="text-align: center">IP寻址和路由选择</td> <td style="text-align: center">网络层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">数据链路层</td> <td style="text-align: center">控制网络层与物理层之间的通信</td> <td style="text-align: center">数据链路层</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">物理层</td> <td style="text-align: center">比特流传输</td> <td style="text-align: center">物理层</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h2 id="应用层-data-数据">应用层 （Data 数据） </h2> <blockquote> <p>应用层：Application Layer 为应用软件提供接口，使应用程序能够使用网络服务。</p> <p>应用层协议指定相应的传输层协议，以及传输层所使用的端口等</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="应用层协议指定相应的传输层协议，以及传输层所使用的端口等" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="584px" data-flex-grow="243" height="493" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240823222745085.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="应用层" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="543px" data-flex-grow="226" height="530" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825092901628.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="dns">DNS </h3> <blockquote> <p>Domain Name System，域名解析系统 Port：53（TCP &amp; UDP）</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="DNS，域名解析系统" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="658px" data-flex-grow="274" height="365" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825093242520.png" width="1001"></p> <p><img alt="域名的结构" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="493px" data-flex-grow="205" height="583" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825093316148.png" width="1200"></p> <div class="highlight"><div class="chroma"> <table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd"> <pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt">1 </span><span class="lnt">2 </span><span class="lnt">3 </span></code></pre></td> <td class="lntd"> <pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-powershell" data-lang="powershell"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">nslookup</span> <span class="c">#DNS调试工具</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">ipconfig</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">displaydns</span> <span class="c">#查看DNS缓存</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">ipconfig</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">flushdns</span> <span class="c">#清空DNS缓存</span> </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table> </div> </div><p><img alt="DNS查询过程" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="515px" data-flex-grow="214" height="559" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825093946418.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="DNS查询过程" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="476px" data-flex-grow="198" height="605" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825094250753.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="http--https">HTTP &amp; HTTPS </h3> <blockquote> <p>Hypertext Transfer Protocol(Secure)，超文本传输（安全）协议 HTTP Port：80（TCP） HTTPS Port：443（TCP,SSL）</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="HTTP & HTTPS，超文本传输（安全）协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="864px" data-flex-grow="360" height="333" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825094358706.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="telnet--ssh">Telnet &amp; SSH </h3> <blockquote> <p>远程管理服务 Telnet Port：23（TCP） SSH Port：22（TCP）</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="远程管理服务" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="786px" data-flex-grow="327" height="366" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825094740754.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="ftp--tftp">FTP &amp; TFTP </h3> <blockquote> <p>File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议；<br> FTP Port：20（FTP-Data，TCP）21（FTP-Control，TCP）</p> <p>Trivial File Transfer Protoco，简单传输协议<br> TFTP Port：69（UDP）</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="623px" data-flex-grow="259" height="462" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825095845042.png" width="1200"></p> <h2 id="传输层-segment-段">传输层 （Segment 段） </h2> <blockquote> <p>建立“<strong>端到端</strong>”（<strong>Port to Port</strong>）的连接。</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="传输层：建立“端到端”（Port to Port）的连接 " class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="445px" data-flex-grow="185" height="578" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111225124233.png" width="1072"></p> <h3 id="port">Port </h3> <blockquote> <p>端口号，区分不同的网络服务（应用层协议）</p> <p>【<a class="link" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >服务名称和传输协议端口号注册表</a>】</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="端口号，区分不同的网络服务（应用层协议）" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="469px" data-flex-grow="195" height="578" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111222504052.png" width="1130"></p> <h3 id="tcp--udp">TCP &amp; UDP </h3><p><img alt="传输层协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="685px" data-flex-grow="285" height="420" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825101704921.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="TCP和UDP的对比" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="709px" data-flex-grow="295" height="406" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111225207249.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="TCP和UDP数据包结构对比" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="500px" data-flex-grow="208" height="568" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111225334694.png" width="1184"></p> <h4 id="tcp">TCP </h4><p><img alt="TCP会话的建立-三次握手：任何基于TCP的应用，发送数据前都需要先建立连接。" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="461px" data-flex-grow="192" height="569" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111225751135.png" width="1093"></p> <p><img alt="TCP的确认和重传：保证数据传输的可靠性" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="437px" data-flex-grow="182" height="659" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825103358926.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="TCP的窗口滑动机制：控制数据的传输速率" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="400px" data-flex-grow="166" height="720" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825103452945.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="TCP会话的关闭-四次挥手：断开连接，释放资源" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="440px" data-flex-grow="183" height="654" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825103554359.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="udp">UDP </h4><p><img alt="不可靠的、无连接的服务" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="469px" data-flex-grow="195" height="614" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825103714402.png" width="1200"></p> <h2 id="网络层-packet-包">网络层 （Packet 包） </h2> <blockquote> <p>建立“<strong>点到点</strong>”（<strong>End to End</strong>）的连接</p> <p>提供了无连接数据传输服务，即在发送数据报文时不需要先建立连接，每一个IP数据报文独立发送。</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="网络层：建立“点到点”（End to End）的连接" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="553px" data-flex-grow="230" height="477" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111230622250.png" width="1101"></p> <h3 id="ip">IP </h3><p><img alt="IP：Internet Protocol，因特网协议，TCP/IP协议簇中最核心的协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="808px" data-flex-grow="337" height="356" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111230943731.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="ipv4报文结构">IPv4报文结构 </h4><p><img alt="IPv4报文结构" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="424px" data-flex-grow="176" height="679" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825110905153.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="ttl">TTL </h4><p><img alt="TTL：Time to Live,生存时间（类似生命值）" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="574px" data-flex-grow="239" height="501" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111231239289.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="路由跟踪：利用TTL特性，可以显示路径上的每一跳，一种非常重要的排错方法" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="391px" data-flex-grow="163" height="562" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111231313349.png" width="917"></p> <h4 id="protocol">Protocol </h4><p><img alt="协议号：用于标识上层协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="420px" data-flex-grow="175" height="570" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111231508778.png" width="998"></p> <p><img alt="一些常用的协议号" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="610px" data-flex-grow="254" height="472" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825112526562.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="ip地址及子网划分">IP地址及子网划分 </h3><p><img alt="IP地址：IP Address，用来标识网络中的一个节点或接口，用于寻址" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="612px" data-flex-grow="255" height="470" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111231829126.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="ip地址结构">IP地址结构 </h4><p><img alt="IP地址结构：由32位二进制（32bits）组成，采用“点分十进制”表示，分4组" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="519px" data-flex-grow="216" height="554" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111231951550.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="IP地址关键术语" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="761px" data-flex-grow="317" height="378" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825112924638.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="IP地址具体表示" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="644px" data-flex-grow="268" height="447" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825113048636.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="ip地址分类">IP地址分类 </h4><p><img alt="IP地址分类：根据第一组8位二进制的不同规则定义" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="491px" data-flex-grow="204" height="581" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111232254889.png" width="1189"></p> <p><img alt="默认子网掩码" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="560px" data-flex-grow="233" height="514" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111232447829.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="特殊IP地址及作用" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="740px" data-flex-grow="308" height="389" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825155238877.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="A、B、C类私网地址范围" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1066px" data-flex-grow="444" height="270" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825155519414.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="网络地址主机地址广播地址">网络地址、主机地址、广播地址 </h4><p><img alt="网络地址和广播地址" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="2360px" data-flex-grow="983" height="122" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825155715143.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="网络地址、主机地址、广播地址" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="398px" data-flex-grow="166" height="722" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825160146960.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="子网划分">子网划分 </h4><p><img alt="子网划分" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="388px" data-flex-grow="161" height="742" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825160258884.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="子网个数和子网中的可用主机个数" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="564px" data-flex-grow="235" height="510" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825160334613.png" width="1200"></p> <blockquote> <p>快=块（Block）=2^主机位数 =256-掩码</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="快=块（block）" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="456px" data-flex-grow="190" height="631" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825160923937.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="ip地址规划">IP地址规划 </h4><p><img alt="IP地址规划参考原则" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="635px" data-flex-grow="264" height="339" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825161705555.png" width="897"></p> <h3 id="icmp">ICMP </h3><p><img alt="ICMP：Internet Control Message Protocol，因特网控制消息协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="576px" data-flex-grow="240" height="500" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111233327609.png" width="1200"></p> <h4 id="icmp报文结构">ICMP报文结构 </h4><p><img alt="ICMP报文结构" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1120px" data-flex-grow="466" height="257" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825161849633.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="字段类型含义" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="357px" data-flex-grow="148" height="801" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825161909701.png" width="1193"></p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: center">情况</th> <th style="text-align: center">说明</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">超时</td> <td style="text-align: center">对方主机不在线、屏蔽、网络拥塞等</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">传输失败</td> <td style="text-align: center">地址无效、主机本身没有路由</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">无法访问</td> <td style="text-align: center">无法访问目标网、中转设备没有路由、没有获取MAC地址</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="数据链路层-frame-帧">数据链路层 （Frame 帧） </h2><p><img alt="数据链路层" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="550px" data-flex-grow="229" height="523" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111233648839.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="以太网">以太网 </h3> <blockquote> <p>Ethernet：当今主导地位的“局域网组网技术”</p> </blockquote> <h4 id="以太网帧结构">以太网帧结构 </h4><p><img alt="以太网帧结构" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="397px" data-flex-grow="165" height="583" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111233749182.png" width="966"></p> <p><img alt="五种字段" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="716px" data-flex-grow="298" height="402" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/20240825163647.png" width="1200"></p> <h3 id="mac地址">MAC地址 </h3><p><img alt="MAC地址结构，全球唯一" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="1066px" data-flex-grow="444" height="270" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825163947682.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="MAC地址与IP地址的关系" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="426px" data-flex-grow="177" height="582" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111234136563.png" width="1034"></p> <h3 id="arp协议">ARP协议 </h3><p><img alt="ARP：Address Resolution Protocol，地址解析协议" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="811px" data-flex-grow="338" height="355" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111234318338.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="ARP工作流程" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="499px" data-flex-grow="207" height="577" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825164432653.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="免费ARP：用来检测IP地址是否冲突" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="437px" data-flex-grow="182" height="658" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825164628957.png" width="1200">‘</p> <p><img alt="代理ARP：可以帮助同一网段，不同物理网络上的计算机之间实现通信" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="511px" data-flex-grow="213" height="563" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20240825164917444.png" width="1200"></p> <p><img alt="ARP欺骗：攻击者发送“无故ARP响应”来伪装其它设备，导致通讯失败" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="390px" data-flex-grow="162" height="665" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/file-20241111141851616.png" width="1082"></p> <p><img alt="使用科来更改ARP数据包" class="gallery-image" data-flex-basis="716px" data-flex-grow="298" height="298" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1023px) 700px, (max-width: 1279px) 950px, 1232px" src="https://ranch007.github.io/p/hcia-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2-wakin-%E8%B0%A2sirtcp/ip%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/assets/image-20241111235025076.png" width="890"></p> <h2 id="附录">附录 </h2><h3 id="参考文献">参考文献 </h3><p>《<a class="link" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1qP4y1w75v/?spm_id_from=333.999.0.0&amp;vd_source=00d49c6b1d7b58728495868451fb3d19" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >Wakin 谢Sir 最新数通精品课程_哔哩哔哩_bilibili</a>》</p> <p>《<a class="link" href="https://tonydeng.github.io/sdn-handbook/basic/tcpip.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >TCP/IP网络模型 · GitBook (tonydeng.github.io)</a>》</p> <h3 id="版权信息">版权信息 </h3><p>本文原载于 <a class="link" href="https://ranch007.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >Ranch&rsquo;s Blog</a>，遵循 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 协议，复制请保留原文出处。</p>